12/10/2023 0 Comments Alfred russel wallace![]() Proofs of the recent occurrence of a Glacial Epoch-Moraines-Travelled Blocks-Glacial deposits of Scotland: the “Till”-Inferences from the glacial phenomena of Scotland-Glacial phenomena of North America-Effects of the Glacial Epoch on animal life-Warm and cold periods-Palæontological evidence of alternate cold and warm periods-Evidence of interglacial warm periods on the Continent and in North America-Migrations and extinctions of Organisms caused by the Glacial Epoch GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES: THE PERMANENCE OF CONTINENTS.Ĭhanges of Land and Sea, their nature and extent-Shore-deposits and stratified rocks-The Movements of Continents-Supposed oceanic formations the Origin of Chalk-Fresh-water and Shore-deposits as proving the Permanence of Continents-Oceanic Islands as Indications of the permanence of Continents and Oceans-General stability of Continents with constant change of form-Effect of Continental Changes on the Distribution of Animals-Changed distribution proved by the extinct animals of different epochs-Summary of evidence for the general permanence of Continents and OceansĬHANGES OF CLIMATE WHICH HAVE INFLUENCED THE DISPERSAL OF ORGANISMS: THE GLACIAL EPOCH. Statement of the general question of Dispersal-The Ocean as a barrier to the dispersal of Mammals-The dispersal of Birds-The dispersal of Reptiles-The dispersal of Insects-The dispersal of Land Mollusca-Great antiquity of Land-shells-Causes favouring the abundance of Land-shells-The dispersal of Plants-Special adaptability of Seeds for dispersal-Birds as agents in the dispersal of Seeds-Ocean currents as agents in Plant dispersal-Dispersal along mountain-chains-Antiquity of Plants as Affecting their distribution THE POWERS OF DISPERSAL OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Importance of the Doctrine of Evolution-The Origin of New Species-Variation in Animals-The amount of variation in North American Birds-How new species arise from a variable species-Definition and Origin of Genera-Cause of the extinction of Species-The rise and decay of Species and Genera-Discontinuous specific areas, why rare-Discontinuity of the area of Parus palustris-Discontinuity of Emberiza schoeniclus-The European and Japanese Jays-Supposed examples of discontinuity among North American Birds-Distribution and antiquity of Families-Discontinuity a proof of antiquity-Concluding Remarks ![]() The Geographical Divisions of the Globe do not correspond to Zoological Divisions-The range of British Mammals as indicating a Zoological Region-Range of East Asian and North African Mammals-The Range of British Birds-Range of East Asian Birds-The limits of the Palæarctic Region-Characteristic features of the Palæarctic Region-Definition and characteristic groups of the Ethiopian Region-Of the Oriental Region-Of the Australian Region-Of the Nearctic Region-Of the Neotropical Region-Comparison of Zoological Regions with the Geographical Divisions of the Globe Importance of Locality as an essential character of Species-Areas of Distribution-Extent and Limitations of Specific Areas-Specific range of Birds-Generic Areas-Separate and overlapping areas-The species of Tits as illustrating Areas of Distribution-The distribution of the species of Jays-Discontinuous generic areas-Peculiarities of generic and family distribution-General features of overlapping and discontinuous areas-Restricted areas of Families-The distribution of OrdersĬLASSIFICATION OF THE FACTS OF DISTRIBUTION.-ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS. Remarkable Contrasts in the distribution of Animals-Britain and Japan-Australia and New Zealand-Bali and Lombok-Florida and Bahama Islands-Brazil and Africa-Borneo, Madagascar, and Celebes-Problems in Distribution to be found in every country-Can be solved only by the combination of many distinct lines of inquiry, biological and physical-Islands offer the best subjects for the study of distribution-Outline of the subjects to be discussed in the present volume ![]() THE DISPERSAL OF ORGANISMS ITS PHENOMENA, LAWS, AND CAUSES. Introduction and Commentary by Lawrence R.
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